A card presents itself to a computer in two steps. The controller first answers the host's identification with its registers, which include its capacity, and the host then reads the first sectors to find a partition table and a file system. RAW is a failure at the second step: the capacity is right, the sectors read, but what is in them is not a file system Windows recognises. The data area behind it is untouched and the tables are rebuilt on an image, or the files carved by signature, as on the format page. A card from a Steam Deck or a Pi shows RAW on Windows because its file system is ext4, and nothing is wrong with it.
0 bytes, or a device with no media, is a failure at the first step. The controller has answered the host, so it is alive, but it reports no capacity because it could not find or could not trust its own translation table, the map in the flash that turns the addresses a computer asks for into the physical pages where the data lives. Without the map the controller has nothing to present, and presents nothing. The flash still holds the data and the map's own history, and the bench reads the flash directly, through the chips on a board or the test pads on a monolith, and rebuilds the map in software. The makers' recovery tools for this state rebuild the map by erasing the card, which is why they are not run.
A wrong capacity on the small side, a few megabytes or a few hundred, is usually the controller in a fallback state: it has lost its table and is presenting its own tiny firmware area or a default identity. The same work recovers it. A wrong capacity on the large side, where the card claims more than any card of its kind holds, or where files written past a certain amount come back as garbage, is a counterfeit. Inside is a small flash chip and a controller programmed to claim a large one; it works until the real flash is full and then writes into nothing. One photography site's published test of a fake 32GB SanDisk Ultra with h2testw reported a few hundred megabytes OK and more than five gigabytes of data lost. Everything that was written to the real flash is recoverable and everything beyond it never existed, and the free look says which is which.
The one thing not to do with any of the three is to initialise, format or repair. Windows offers to initialise a disk that shows with no partition table; the camera offers to format a card it cannot read; the maker's tool offers to restore a card to factory state. Each writes to a card whose contents are intact, and each turns a recovery into a reconstruction.